Rhomboids
The rhomboids (major and minor) are deep muscles connecting the vertebral column to the scapula. They retract and stabilize the scapula and work with other muscles to control scapular movement during arm motions.
Origin, Insertion, Action, Innervation
OOrigin
Rhomboid minor: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1. Rhomboid major: Spinous processes of T2-T5.
IInsertion
Medial border of scapula (rhomboid minor: at root of scapular spine; rhomboid major: below the spine of scapula)
AAction
- • Retraction of the scapula (pulling shoulder blades together)
- • Elevation of the scapula
- • Downward rotation of the scapula
NInnervation
Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
Blood Supply
Dorsal scapular artery
Clinical Relevance
Rhomboid weakness leads to scapular winging (lateral border) and difficulty maintaining good posture. The muscles are often weak and lengthened in people with forward head posture and rounded shoulders. Strengthening exercises are important for postural correction.
Palpation
Palpate between the medial border of the scapula and the spine. Have the patient retract the scapulae (squeeze shoulder blades together) to feel the muscles contract.
Study Tips
- ✓Two muscles: minor (C7-T1) and major (T2-T5)
- ✓Same nerve as levator scapulae: dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
- ✓Antagonist to serratus anterior (protraction vs retraction)
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Common questions about the rhomboids
Rhomboid minor is smaller and superior, originating from C7-T1 and inserting at the root of the scapular spine. Rhomboid major is larger and inferior, originating from T2-T5 and inserting below the scapular spine.
Both rhomboid muscles are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve, which carries fibers from the C4 and C5 nerve roots. This nerve also innervates the levator scapulae.
The rhomboids retract the scapulae and help maintain proper shoulder position. Weak rhomboids allow the shoulders to round forward, contributing to poor posture, upper back pain, and shoulder problems.
The rhomboids work with the middle trapezius to retract the scapula. They are antagonists to the serratus anterior, which protracts the scapula. Balance between these muscles is important for shoulder health.